public class Logger {
  private FileWriter writer;
  
  public Logger() {
    File file = new File("/Users/wangzheng/log.txt");
    writer = new FileWriter(file, true); //true表示追加写入
  }
  
  public void log(String message) {
    writer.write(mesasge);
  }
}

// Logger类的应用示例：
public class UserController {
  private Logger logger = new Logger();
  
  public void login(String username, String password) {
    // ...省略业务逻辑代码...
    logger.log(username + " logined!");
  }
}

public class OrderController {
  private Logger logger = new Logger();
  
  public void create(OrderVo order) {
    // ...省略业务逻辑代码...
    logger.log("Created an order: " + order.toString());
  }
}

public class Logger {
  private FileWriter writer;

  public Logger() {
    File file = new File("/Users/wangzheng/log.txt");
    writer = new FileWriter(file, true); //true表示追加写入
  }
  
  public void log(String message) {
    synchronized(this) {
      writer.write(mesasge);
    }
  }
}

public class Logger {
  private FileWriter writer;

  public Logger() {
    File file = new File("/Users/wangzheng/log.txt");
    writer = new FileWriter(file, true); //true表示追加写入
  }
  
  public void log(String message) {
    synchronized(Logger.class) { // 类级别的锁
      writer.write(mesasge);
    }
  }
}

public class Logger {
  private FileWriter writer;
  private static final Logger instance = new Logger();

  private Logger() {
    File file = new File("/Users/wangzheng/log.txt");
    writer = new FileWriter(file, true); //true表示追加写入
  }
  
  public static Logger getInstance() {
    return instance;
  }
  
  public void log(String message) {
    writer.write(mesasge);
  }
}

// Logger类的应用示例：
public class UserController {
  public void login(String username, String password) {
    // ...省略业务逻辑代码...
    Logger.getInstance().log(username + " logined!");
  }
}

public class OrderController {  
  public void create(OrderVo order) {
    // ...省略业务逻辑代码...
    Logger.getInstance().log("Created a order: " + order.toString());
  }
}

public class IdGenerator { 
  private AtomicLong id = new AtomicLong(0);
  private static final IdGenerator instance = new IdGenerator();
  private IdGenerator() {}
  public static IdGenerator getInstance() {
    return instance;
  }
  public long getId() { 
    return id.incrementAndGet();
  }
}

public class IdGenerator { 
  private AtomicLong id = new AtomicLong(0);
  private static IdGenerator instance;
  private IdGenerator() {}
  public static synchronized IdGenerator getInstance() {
    if (instance == null) {
      instance = new IdGenerator();
    }
    return instance;
  }
  public long getId() { 
    return id.incrementAndGet();
  }
}

public class IdGenerator { 
  private AtomicLong id = new AtomicLong(0);
  private static IdGenerator instance;
  private IdGenerator() {}
  public static IdGenerator getInstance() {
    if (instance == null) {
      synchronized(IdGenerator.class) { // 此处为类级别的锁
        if (instance == null) {
          instance = new IdGenerator();
        }
      }
    }
    return instance;
  }
  public long getId() { 
    return id.incrementAndGet();
  }
}

public class IdGenerator { 
  private AtomicLong id = new AtomicLong(0);
  private IdGenerator() {}

  private static class SingletonHolder{
    private static final IdGenerator instance = new IdGenerator();
  }
  
  public static IdGenerator getInstance() {
    return SingletonHolder.instance;
  }
 
  public long getId() { 
    return id.incrementAndGet();
  }
}

public enum IdGenerator {
  INSTANCE;
  private AtomicLong id = new AtomicLong(0);
 
  public long getId() { 
    return id.incrementAndGet();
  }
}

public class Order {
  public void create(...) {
    //...
    long id = IdGenerator.getInstance().getId();
    //...
  }
}

public class User {
  public void create(...) {
    // ...
    long id = IdGenerator.getInstance().getId();
    //...
  }
}

public class Order {
  public void create(...) {
    //...
    long id = IdGenerator.getInstance().getId();
    // 需要将上面一行代码，替换为下面一行代码
    long id = OrderIdGenerator.getIntance().getId();
    //...
  }
}

public class User {
  public void create(...) {
    // ...
    long id = IdGenerator.getInstance().getId();
    // 需要将上面一行代码，替换为下面一行代码
    long id = UserIdGenerator.getIntance().getId();
  }
}

public class Singleton {
  private static Singleton instance = null;
  private final int paramA;
  private final int paramB;

  private Singleton(int paramA, int paramB) {
    this.paramA = paramA;
    this.paramB = paramB;
  }

  public static Singleton getInstance() {
    if (instance == null) {
       throw new RuntimeException("Run init() first.");
    }
    return instance;
  }

  public synchronized static Singleton init(int paramA, int paramB) {
    if (instance != null){
       throw new RuntimeException("Singleton has been created!");
    }
    instance = new Singleton(paramA, paramB);
    return instance;
  }
}

Singleton.init(10, 50); // 先init，再使用
Singleton singleton = Singleton.getInstance();

public class Singleton {
  private static Singleton instance = null;
  private final int paramA;
  private final int paramB;

  private Singleton(int paramA, int paramB) {
    this.paramA = paramA;
    this.paramB = paramB;
  }

  public synchronized static Singleton getInstance(int paramA, int paramB) {
    if (instance == null) {
      instance = new Singleton(paramA, paramB);
    }
    return instance;
  }
}

Singleton singleton = Singleton.getInstance(10, 50);

public class Config {
  public static final int PARAM_A = 123;
  public static final int PARAM_B = 245;
}

public class Singleton {
  private static Singleton instance = null;
  private final int paramA;
  private final int paramB;

  private Singleton() {
    this.paramA = Config.PARAM_A;
    this.paramB = Config.PARAM_B;
  }

  public synchronized static Singleton getInstance() {
    if (instance == null) {
      instance = new Singleton();
    }
    return instance;
  }
}

// 静态方法实现方式
public class IdGenerator {
  private static AtomicLong id = new AtomicLong(0);
  
  public static long getId() { 
    return id.incrementAndGet();
  }
}
// 使用举例
long id = IdGenerator.getId();

// 1. 老的使用方式
public demofunction() {
  //...
  long id = IdGenerator.getInstance().getId();
  //...
}

// 2. 新的使用方式：依赖注入
public demofunction(IdGenerator idGenerator) {
  long id = idGenerator.getId();
}
// 外部调用demofunction()的时候，传入idGenerator
IdGenerator idGenerator = IdGenerator.getInsance();
demofunction(idGenerator);

public class IdGenerator {
  private AtomicLong id = new AtomicLong(0);

  private static final ConcurrentHashMap<Long, IdGenerator> instances
          = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();

  private IdGenerator() {}

  public static IdGenerator getInstance() {
    Long currentThreadId = Thread.currentThread().getId();
    instances.putIfAbsent(currentThreadId, new IdGenerator());
    return instances.get(currentThreadId);
  }

  public long getId() {
    return id.incrementAndGet();
  }
}

public class IdGenerator {
  private AtomicLong id = new AtomicLong(0);
  private static IdGenerator instance;
  private static SharedObjectStorage storage = FileSharedObjectStorage(/*入参省略，比如文件地址*/);
  private static DistributedLock lock = new DistributedLock();
  
  private IdGenerator() {}

  public synchronized static IdGenerator getInstance() 
    if (instance == null) {
      lock.lock();
      instance = storage.load(IdGenerator.class);
    }
    return instance;
  }
  
  public synchroinzed void freeInstance() {
    storage.save(this, IdGeneator.class);
    instance = null; //释放对象
    lock.unlock();
  }
  
  public long getId() { 
    return id.incrementAndGet();
  }
}

// IdGenerator使用举例
IdGenerator idGeneator = IdGenerator.getInstance();
long id = idGenerator.getId();
IdGenerator.freeInstance();

public class BackendServer {
  private long serverNo;
  private String serverAddress;

  private static final int SERVER_COUNT = 3;
  private static final Map<Long, BackendServer> serverInstances = new HashMap<>();

  static {
    serverInstances.put(1L, new BackendServer(1L, "192.134.22.138:8080"));
    serverInstances.put(2L, new BackendServer(2L, "192.134.22.139:8080"));
    serverInstances.put(3L, new BackendServer(3L, "192.134.22.140:8080"));
  }

  private BackendServer(long serverNo, String serverAddress) {
    this.serverNo = serverNo;
    this.serverAddress = serverAddress;
  }

  public BackendServer getInstance(long serverNo) {
    return serverInstances.get(serverNo);
  }

  public BackendServer getRandomInstance() {
    Random r = new Random();
    int no = r.nextInt(SERVER_COUNT)+1;
    return serverInstances.get(no);
  }
}

public class Logger {
  private static final ConcurrentHashMap<String, Logger> instances
          = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();

  private Logger() {}

  public static Logger getInstance(String loggerName) {
    instances.putIfAbsent(loggerName, new Logger());
    return instances.get(loggerName);
  }

  public void log() {
    //...
  }
}

//l1==l2, l1!=l3
Logger l1 = Logger.getInstance("User.class");
Logger l2 = Logger.getInstance("User.class");
Logger l3 = Logger.getInstance("Order.class");

public class RuleConfigSource {
  public RuleConfig load(String ruleConfigFilePath) {
    String ruleConfigFileExtension = getFileExtension(ruleConfigFilePath);
    IRuleConfigParser parser = null;
    if ("json".equalsIgnoreCase(ruleConfigFileExtension)) {
      parser = new JsonRuleConfigParser();
    } else if ("xml".equalsIgnoreCase(ruleConfigFileExtension)) {
      parser = new XmlRuleConfigParser();
    } else if ("yaml".equalsIgnoreCase(ruleConfigFileExtension)) {
      parser = new YamlRuleConfigParser();
    } else if ("properties".equalsIgnoreCase(ruleConfigFileExtension)) {
      parser = new PropertiesRuleConfigParser();
    } else {
      throw new InvalidRuleConfigException(
             "Rule config file format is not supported: " + ruleConfigFilePath);
    }

    String configText = "";
    //从ruleConfigFilePath文件中读取配置文本到configText中
    RuleConfig ruleConfig = parser.parse(configText);
    return ruleConfig;
  }

  private String getFileExtension(String filePath) {
    //...解析文件名获取扩展名，比如rule.json，返回json
    return "json";
  }
}

  public RuleConfig load(String ruleConfigFilePath) {
    String ruleConfigFileExtension = getFileExtension(ruleConfigFilePath);
    IRuleConfigParser parser = createParser(ruleConfigFileExtension);
    if (parser == null) {
      throw new InvalidRuleConfigException(
              "Rule config file format is not supported: " + ruleConfigFilePath);
    }

    String configText = "";
    //从ruleConfigFilePath文件中读取配置文本到configText中
    RuleConfig ruleConfig = parser.parse(configText);
    return ruleConfig;
  }

  private String getFileExtension(String filePath) {
    //...解析文件名获取扩展名，比如rule.json，返回json
    return "json";
  }

  private IRuleConfigParser createParser(String configFormat) {
    IRuleConfigParser parser = null;
    if ("json".equalsIgnoreCase(configFormat)) {
      parser = new JsonRuleConfigParser();
    } else if ("xml".equalsIgnoreCase(configFormat)) {
      parser = new XmlRuleConfigParser();
    } else if ("yaml".equalsIgnoreCase(configFormat)) {
      parser = new YamlRuleConfigParser();
    } else if ("properties".equalsIgnoreCase(configFormat)) {
      parser = new PropertiesRuleConfigParser();
    }
    return parser;
  }
}

public class RuleConfigSource {
  public RuleConfig load(String ruleConfigFilePath) {
    String ruleConfigFileExtension = getFileExtension(ruleConfigFilePath);
    IRuleConfigParser parser = RuleConfigParserFactory.createParser(ruleConfigFileExtension);
    if (parser == null) {
      throw new InvalidRuleConfigException(
              "Rule config file format is not supported: " + ruleConfigFilePath);
    }

    String configText = "";
    //从ruleConfigFilePath文件中读取配置文本到configText中
    RuleConfig ruleConfig = parser.parse(configText);
    return ruleConfig;
  }

  private String getFileExtension(String filePath) {
    //...解析文件名获取扩展名，比如rule.json，返回json
    return "json";
  }
}

public class RuleConfigParserFactory {
  public static IRuleConfigParser createParser(String configFormat) {
    IRuleConfigParser parser = null;
    if ("json".equalsIgnoreCase(configFormat)) {
      parser = new JsonRuleConfigParser();
    } else if ("xml".equalsIgnoreCase(configFormat)) {
      parser = new XmlRuleConfigParser();
    } else if ("yaml".equalsIgnoreCase(configFormat)) {
      parser = new YamlRuleConfigParser();
    } else if ("properties".equalsIgnoreCase(configFormat)) {
      parser = new PropertiesRuleConfigParser();
    }
    return parser;
  }
}

public class RuleConfigParserFactory {
  private static final Map<String, RuleConfigParser> cachedParsers = new HashMap<>();

  static {
    cachedParsers.put("json", new JsonRuleConfigParser());
    cachedParsers.put("xml", new XmlRuleConfigParser());
    cachedParsers.put("yaml", new YamlRuleConfigParser());
    cachedParsers.put("properties", new PropertiesRuleConfigParser());
  }

  public static IRuleConfigParser createParser(String configFormat) {
    if (configFormat == null || configFormat.isEmpty()) {
      return null;//返回null还是IllegalArgumentException全凭你自己说了算
    }
    IRuleConfigParser parser = cachedParsers.get(configFormat.toLowerCase());
    return parser;
  }
}

public interface IRuleConfigParserFactory {
  IRuleConfigParser createParser();
}

public class JsonRuleConfigParserFactory implements IRuleConfigParserFactory {
  @Override
  public IRuleConfigParser createParser() {
    return new JsonRuleConfigParser();
  }
}

public class XmlRuleConfigParserFactory implements IRuleConfigParserFactory {
  @Override
  public IRuleConfigParser createParser() {
    return new XmlRuleConfigParser();
  }
}

public class YamlRuleConfigParserFactory implements IRuleConfigParserFactory {
  @Override
  public IRuleConfigParser createParser() {
    return new YamlRuleConfigParser();
  }
}

public class PropertiesRuleConfigParserFactory implements IRuleConfigParserFactory {
  @Override
  public IRuleConfigParser createParser() {
    return new PropertiesRuleConfigParser();
  }
}

public class RuleConfigSource {
  public RuleConfig load(String ruleConfigFilePath) {
    String ruleConfigFileExtension = getFileExtension(ruleConfigFilePath);

    IRuleConfigParserFactory parserFactory = null;
    if ("json".equalsIgnoreCase(ruleConfigFileExtension)) {
      parserFactory = new JsonRuleConfigParserFactory();
    } else if ("xml".equalsIgnoreCase(ruleConfigFileExtension)) {
      parserFactory = new XmlRuleConfigParserFactory();
    } else if ("yaml".equalsIgnoreCase(ruleConfigFileExtension)) {
      parserFactory = new YamlRuleConfigParserFactory();
    } else if ("properties".equalsIgnoreCase(ruleConfigFileExtension)) {
      parserFactory = new PropertiesRuleConfigParserFactory();
    } else {
      throw new InvalidRuleConfigException("Rule config file format is not supported: " + ruleConfigFilePath);
    }
    IRuleConfigParser parser = parserFactory.createParser();

    String configText = "";
    //从ruleConfigFilePath文件中读取配置文本到configText中
    RuleConfig ruleConfig = parser.parse(configText);
    return ruleConfig;
  }

  private String getFileExtension(String filePath) {
    //...解析文件名获取扩展名，比如rule.json，返回json
    return "json";
  }
}

public class RuleConfigSource {
  public RuleConfig load(String ruleConfigFilePath) {
    String ruleConfigFileExtension = getFileExtension(ruleConfigFilePath);

    IRuleConfigParserFactory parserFactory = RuleConfigParserFactoryMap.getParserFactory(ruleConfigFileExtension);
    if (parserFactory == null) {
      throw new InvalidRuleConfigException("Rule config file format is not supported: " + ruleConfigFilePath);
    }
    IRuleConfigParser parser = parserFactory.createParser();

    String configText = "";
    //从ruleConfigFilePath文件中读取配置文本到configText中
    RuleConfig ruleConfig = parser.parse(configText);
    return ruleConfig;
  }

  private String getFileExtension(String filePath) {
    //...解析文件名获取扩展名，比如rule.json，返回json
    return "json";
  }
}

//因为工厂类只包含方法，不包含成员变量，完全可以复用，
//不需要每次都创建新的工厂类对象，所以，简单工厂模式的第二种实现思路更加合适。
public class RuleConfigParserFactoryMap { //工厂的工厂
  private static final Map<String, IRuleConfigParserFactory> cachedFactories = new HashMap<>();

  static {
    cachedFactories.put("json", new JsonRuleConfigParserFactory());
    cachedFactories.put("xml", new XmlRuleConfigParserFactory());
    cachedFactories.put("yaml", new YamlRuleConfigParserFactory());
    cachedFactories.put("properties", new PropertiesRuleConfigParserFactory());
  }

  public static IRuleConfigParserFactory getParserFactory(String type) {
    if (type == null || type.isEmpty()) {
      return null;
    }
    IRuleConfigParserFactory parserFactory = cachedFactories.get(type.toLowerCase());
    return parserFactory;
  }
}

针对规则配置的解析器：基于接口IRuleConfigParser
JsonRuleConfigParser
XmlRuleConfigParser
YamlRuleConfigParser
PropertiesRuleConfigParser

针对系统配置的解析器：基于接口ISystemConfigParser
JsonSystemConfigParser
XmlSystemConfigParser
YamlSystemConfigParser
PropertiesSystemConfigParser

public interface IConfigParserFactory {
  IRuleConfigParser createRuleParser();
  ISystemConfigParser createSystemParser();
  //此处可以扩展新的parser类型，比如IBizConfigParser
}

public class JsonConfigParserFactory implements IConfigParserFactory {
  @Override
  public IRuleConfigParser createRuleParser() {
    return new JsonRuleConfigParser();
  }

  @Override
  public ISystemConfigParser createSystemParser() {
    return new JsonSystemConfigParser();
  }
}

public class XmlConfigParserFactory implements IConfigParserFactory {
  @Override
  public IRuleConfigParser createRuleParser() {
    return new XmlRuleConfigParser();
  }

  @Override
  public ISystemConfigParser createSystemParser() {
    return new XmlSystemConfigParser();
  }
}

// 省略YamlConfigParserFactory和PropertiesConfigParserFactory代码

public class RateLimiter {
  private RedisCounter redisCounter;
  public RateLimiter(RedisCounter redisCounter) {
    this.redisCounter = redisCounter;
  }
  public void test() {
    System.out.println("Hello World!");
  }
  //...
}

public class RedisCounter {
  private String ipAddress;
  private int port;
  public RedisCounter(String ipAddress, int port) {
    this.ipAddress = ipAddress;
    this.port = port;
  }
  //...
}

配置文件beans.xml：
<beans>
   <bean id="rateLimiter" class="com.xzg.RateLimiter">
      <constructor-arg ref="redisCounter"/>
   </bean>
 
   <bean id="redisCounter" class="com.xzg.redisCounter">
     <constructor-arg type="String" value="127.0.0.1">
     <constructor-arg type="int" value=1234>
   </bean>
</beans>

配置文件beans.xml
<beans>
   <bean id="rateLimiter" class="com.xzg.RateLimiter">
      <constructor-arg ref="redisCounter"/>
   </bean>
 
   <bean id="redisCounter" class="com.xzg.redisCounter" scope="singleton" lazy-init="true">
     <constructor-arg type="String" value="127.0.0.1">
     <constructor-arg type="int" value=1234>
   </bean>
</bean

public class Demo {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    ApplicationContext applicationContext = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext(
            "beans.xml");
    RateLimiter rateLimiter = (RateLimiter) applicationContext.getBean("rateLimiter");
    rateLimiter.test();
    //...
  }
}

public interface ApplicationContext {
  Object getBean(String beanId);
}

public class ClassPathXmlApplicationContext implements ApplicationContext {
  private BeansFactory beansFactory;
  private BeanConfigParser beanConfigParser;

  public ClassPathXmlApplicationContext(String configLocation) {
    this.beansFactory = new BeansFactory();
    this.beanConfigParser = new XmlBeanConfigParser();
    loadBeanDefinitions(configLocation);
  }

  private void loadBeanDefinitions(String configLocation) {
    InputStream in = null;
    try {
      in = this.getClass().getResourceAsStream("/" + configLocation);
      if (in == null) {
        throw new RuntimeException("Can not find config file: " + configLocation);
      }
      List<BeanDefinition> beanDefinitions = beanConfigParser.parse(in);
      beansFactory.addBeanDefinitions(beanDefinitions);
    } finally {
      if (in != null) {
        try {
          in.close();
        } catch (IOException e) {
          // TODO: log error
        }
      }
    }
  }

  @Override
  public Object getBean(String beanId) {
    return beansFactory.getBean(beanId);
  }
}

public interface BeanConfigParser {
  List<BeanDefinition> parse(InputStream inputStream);
  List<BeanDefinition> parse(String configContent);
}

public class XmlBeanConfigParser implements BeanConfigParser {

  @Override
  public List<BeanDefinition> parse(InputStream inputStream) {
    String content = null;
    // TODO:...
    return parse(content);
  }

  @Override
  public List<BeanDefinition> parse(String configContent) {
    List<BeanDefinition> beanDefinitions = new ArrayList<>();
    // TODO:...
    return beanDefinitions;
  }

}

public class BeanDefinition {
  private String id;
  private String className;
  private List<ConstructorArg> constructorArgs = new ArrayList<>();
  private Scope scope = Scope.SINGLETON;
  private boolean lazyInit = false;
  // 省略必要的getter/setter/constructors
 
  public boolean isSingleton() {
    return scope.equals(Scope.SINGLETON);
  }


  public static enum Scope {
    SINGLETON,
    PROTOTYPE
  }
  
  public static class ConstructorArg {
    private boolean isRef;
    private Class type;
    private Object arg;
    // 省略必要的getter/setter/constructors
  }
}

public class BeansFactory {
  private ConcurrentHashMap<String, Object> singletonObjects = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
  private ConcurrentHashMap<String, BeanDefinition> beanDefinitions = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();

  public void addBeanDefinitions(List<BeanDefinition> beanDefinitionList) {
    for (BeanDefinition beanDefinition : beanDefinitionList) {
      this.beanDefinitions.putIfAbsent(beanDefinition.getId(), beanDefinition);
    }

    for (BeanDefinition beanDefinition : beanDefinitionList) {
      if (beanDefinition.isLazyInit() == false && beanDefinition.isSingleton()) {
        createBean(beanDefinition);
      }
    }
  }

  public Object getBean(String beanId) {
    BeanDefinition beanDefinition = beanDefinitions.get(beanId);
    if (beanDefinition == null) {
      throw new NoSuchBeanDefinitionException("Bean is not defined: " + beanId);
    }
    return createBean(beanDefinition);
  }

  @VisibleForTesting
  protected Object createBean(BeanDefinition beanDefinition) {
    if (beanDefinition.isSingleton() && singletonObjects.contains(beanDefinition.getId())) {
      return singletonObjects.get(beanDefinition.getId());
    }

    Object bean = null;
    try {
      Class beanClass = Class.forName(beanDefinition.getClassName());
      List<BeanDefinition.ConstructorArg> args = beanDefinition.getConstructorArgs();
      if (args.isEmpty()) {
        bean = beanClass.newInstance();
      } else {
        Class[] argClasses = new Class[args.size()];
        Object[] argObjects = new Object[args.size()];
        for (int i = 0; i < args.size(); ++i) {
          BeanDefinition.ConstructorArg arg = args.get(i);
          if (!arg.getIsRef()) {
            argClasses[i] = arg.getType();
            argObjects[i] = arg.getArg();
          } else {
            BeanDefinition refBeanDefinition = beanDefinitions.get(arg.getArg());
            if (refBeanDefinition == null) {
              throw new NoSuchBeanDefinitionException("Bean is not defined: " + arg.getArg());
            }
            argClasses[i] = Class.forName(refBeanDefinition.getClassName());
            argObjects[i] = createBean(refBeanDefinition);
          }
        }
        bean = beanClass.getConstructor(argClasses).newInstance(argObjects);
      }
    } catch (ClassNotFoundException | IllegalAccessException
            | InstantiationException | NoSuchMethodException | InvocationTargetException e) {
      throw new BeanCreationFailureException("", e);
    }

    if (bean != null && beanDefinition.isSingleton()) {
      singletonObjects.putIfAbsent(beanDefinition.getId(), bean);
      return singletonObjects.get(beanDefinition.getId());
    }
    return bean;
  }
}

public class ResourcePoolConfig {
  private static final int DEFAULT_MAX_TOTAL = 8;
  private static final int DEFAULT_MAX_IDLE = 8;
  private static final int DEFAULT_MIN_IDLE = 0;

  private String name;
  private int maxTotal = DEFAULT_MAX_TOTAL;
  private int maxIdle = DEFAULT_MAX_IDLE;
  private int minIdle = DEFAULT_MIN_IDLE;

  public ResourcePoolConfig(String name, Integer maxTotal, Integer maxIdle, Integer minIdle) {
    if (StringUtils.isBlank(name)) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException("name should not be empty.");
    }
    this.name = name;

    if (maxTotal != null) {
      if (maxTotal <= 0) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("maxTotal should be positive.");
      }
      this.maxTotal = maxTotal;
    }

    if (maxIdle != null) {
      if (maxIdle < 0) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("maxIdle should not be negative.");
      }
      this.maxIdle = maxIdle;
    }

    if (minIdle != null) {
      if (minIdle < 0) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("minIdle should not be negative.");
      }
      this.minIdle = minIdle;
    }
  }
  //...省略getter方法...
}

// 参数太多，导致可读性差、参数可能传递错误
ResourcePoolConfig config = new ResourcePoolConfig("dbconnectionpool", 16, null, 8, null, false , true, 10, 20，false， true);

public class ResourcePoolConfig {
  private static final int DEFAULT_MAX_TOTAL = 8;
  private static final int DEFAULT_MAX_IDLE = 8;
  private static final int DEFAULT_MIN_IDLE = 0;

  private String name;
  private int maxTotal = DEFAULT_MAX_TOTAL;
  private int maxIdle = DEFAULT_MAX_IDLE;
  private int minIdle = DEFAULT_MIN_IDLE;
  
  public ResourcePoolConfig(String name) {
    if (StringUtils.isBlank(name)) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException("name should not be empty.");
    }
    this.name = name;
  }

  public void setMaxTotal(int maxTotal) {
    if (maxTotal <= 0) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException("maxTotal should be positive.");
    }
    this.maxTotal = maxTotal;
  }

  public void setMaxIdle(int maxIdle) {
    if (maxIdle < 0) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException("maxIdle should not be negative.");
    }
    this.maxIdle = maxIdle;
  }

  public void setMinIdle(int minIdle) {
    if (minIdle < 0) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException("minIdle should not be negative.");
    }
    this.minIdle = minIdle;
  }
  //...省略getter方法...
}

// ResourcePoolConfig使用举例
ResourcePoolConfig config = new ResourcePoolConfig("dbconnectionpool");
config.setMaxTotal(16);
config.setMaxIdle(8);

public class ResourcePoolConfig {
  private String name;
  private int maxTotal;
  private int maxIdle;
  private int minIdle;

  private ResourcePoolConfig(Builder builder) {
    this.name = builder.name;
    this.maxTotal = builder.maxTotal;
    this.maxIdle = builder.maxIdle;
    this.minIdle = builder.minIdle;
  }
  //...省略getter方法...

  //我们将Builder类设计成了ResourcePoolConfig的内部类。
  //我们也可以将Builder类设计成独立的非内部类ResourcePoolConfigBuilder。
  public static class Builder {
    private static final int DEFAULT_MAX_TOTAL = 8;
    private static final int DEFAULT_MAX_IDLE = 8;
    private static final int DEFAULT_MIN_IDLE = 0;

    private String name;
    private int maxTotal = DEFAULT_MAX_TOTAL;
    private int maxIdle = DEFAULT_MAX_IDLE;
    private int minIdle = DEFAULT_MIN_IDLE;

    public ResourcePoolConfig build() {
      // 校验逻辑放到这里来做，包括必填项校验、依赖关系校验、约束条件校验等
      if (StringUtils.isBlank(name)) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("...");
      }
      if (maxIdle > maxTotal) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("...");
      }
      if (minIdle > maxTotal || minIdle > maxIdle) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("...");
      }

      return new ResourcePoolConfig(this);
    }

    public Builder setName(String name) {
      if (StringUtils.isBlank(name)) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("...");
      }
      this.name = name;
      return this;
    }

    public Builder setMaxTotal(int maxTotal) {
      if (maxTotal <= 0) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("...");
      }
      this.maxTotal = maxTotal;
      return this;
    }

    public Builder setMaxIdle(int maxIdle) {
      if (maxIdle < 0) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("...");
      }
      this.maxIdle = maxIdle;
      return this;
    }

    public Builder setMinIdle(int minIdle) {
      if (minIdle < 0) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("...");
      }
      this.minIdle = minIdle;
      return this;
    }
  }
}

// 这段代码会抛出IllegalArgumentException，因为minIdle>maxIdle
ResourcePoolConfig config = new ResourcePoolConfig.Builder()
        .setName("dbconnectionpool")
        .setMaxTotal(16)
        .setMaxIdle(10)
        .setMinIdle(12)
        .build();

Rectangle r = new Rectange(); // r is invalid
r.setWidth(2); // r is invalid
r.setHeight(3); // r is valid

Rectangle r = new Rectange(); // r is invalid
r.setWidth(2); // r is invalid
r.setHeight(3); // r is valid

public class Demo {
  private ConcurrentHashMap<String, SearchWord> currentKeywords = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
  private long lastUpdateTime = -1;

  public void refresh() {
    // 从数据库中取出更新时间>lastUpdateTime的数据，放入到currentKeywords中
    List<SearchWord> toBeUpdatedSearchWords = getSearchWords(lastUpdateTime);
    long maxNewUpdatedTime = lastUpdateTime;
    for (SearchWord searchWord : toBeUpdatedSearchWords) {
      if (searchWord.getLastUpdateTime() > maxNewUpdatedTime) {
        maxNewUpdatedTime = searchWord.getLastUpdateTime();
      }
      if (currentKeywords.containsKey(searchWord.getKeyword())) {
        currentKeywords.replace(searchWord.getKeyword(), searchWord);
      } else {
        currentKeywords.put(searchWord.getKeyword(), searchWord);
      }
    }

    lastUpdateTime = maxNewUpdatedTime;
  }

  private List<SearchWord> getSearchWords(long lastUpdateTime) {
    // TODO: 从数据库中取出更新时间>lastUpdateTime的数据
    return null;
  }
}

public class Demo {
  private HashMap<String, SearchWord> currentKeywords=new HashMap<>();

  public void refresh() {
    HashMap<String, SearchWord> newKeywords = new LinkedHashMap<>();

    // 从数据库中取出所有的数据，放入到newKeywords中
    List<SearchWord> toBeUpdatedSearchWords = getSearchWords();
    for (SearchWord searchWord : toBeUpdatedSearchWords) {
      newKeywords.put(searchWord.getKeyword(), searchWord);
    }

    currentKeywords = newKeywords;
  }

  private List<SearchWord> getSearchWords() {
    // TODO: 从数据库中取出所有的数据
    return null;
  }
}

public class Demo {
  private HashMap<String, SearchWord> currentKeywords=new HashMap<>();
  private long lastUpdateTime = -1;

  public void refresh() {
    // 原型模式就这么简单，拷贝已有对象的数据，更新少量差值
    HashMap<String, SearchWord> newKeywords = (HashMap<String, SearchWord>) currentKeywords.clone();

    // 从数据库中取出更新时间>lastUpdateTime的数据，放入到newKeywords中
    List<SearchWord> toBeUpdatedSearchWords = getSearchWords(lastUpdateTime);
    long maxNewUpdatedTime = lastUpdateTime;
    for (SearchWord searchWord : toBeUpdatedSearchWords) {
      if (searchWord.getLastUpdateTime() > maxNewUpdatedTime) {
        maxNewUpdatedTime = searchWord.getLastUpdateTime();
      }
      if (newKeywords.containsKey(searchWord.getKeyword())) {
        SearchWord oldSearchWord = newKeywords.get(searchWord.getKeyword());
        oldSearchWord.setCount(searchWord.getCount());
        oldSearchWord.setLastUpdateTime(searchWord.getLastUpdateTime());
      } else {
        newKeywords.put(searchWord.getKeyword(), searchWord);
      }
    }

    lastUpdateTime = maxNewUpdatedTime;
    currentKeywords = newKeywords;
  }

  private List<SearchWord> getSearchWords(long lastUpdateTime) {
    // TODO: 从数据库中取出更新时间>lastUpdateTime的数据
    return null;
  }
}

public class Demo {
  private HashMap<String, SearchWord> currentKeywords=new HashMap<>();
  private long lastUpdateTime = -1;

  public void refresh() {
    // Deep copy
    HashMap<String, SearchWord> newKeywords = new HashMap<>();
    for (HashMap.Entry<String, SearchWord> e : currentKeywords.entrySet()) {
      SearchWord searchWord = e.getValue();
      SearchWord newSearchWord = new SearchWord(
              searchWord.getKeyword(), searchWord.getCount(), searchWord.getLastUpdateTime());
      newKeywords.put(e.getKey(), newSearchWord);
    }

    // 从数据库中取出更新时间>lastUpdateTime的数据，放入到newKeywords中
    List<SearchWord> toBeUpdatedSearchWords = getSearchWords(lastUpdateTime);
    long maxNewUpdatedTime = lastUpdateTime;
    for (SearchWord searchWord : toBeUpdatedSearchWords) {
      if (searchWord.getLastUpdateTime() > maxNewUpdatedTime) {
        maxNewUpdatedTime = searchWord.getLastUpdateTime();
      }
      if (newKeywords.containsKey(searchWord.getKeyword())) {
        SearchWord oldSearchWord = newKeywords.get(searchWord.getKeyword());
        oldSearchWord.setCount(searchWord.getCount());
        oldSearchWord.setLastUpdateTime(searchWord.getLastUpdateTime());
      } else {
        newKeywords.put(searchWord.getKeyword(), searchWord);
      }
    }

    lastUpdateTime = maxNewUpdatedTime;
    currentKeywords = newKeywords;
  }

  private List<SearchWord> getSearchWords(long lastUpdateTime) {
    // TODO: 从数据库中取出更新时间>lastUpdateTime的数据
    return null;
  }

}

public Object deepCopy(Object object) {
  ByteArrayOutputStream bo = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
  ObjectOutputStream oo = new ObjectOutputStream(bo);
  oo.writeObject(object);
  
  ByteArrayInputStream bi = new ByteArrayInputStream(bo.toByteArray());
  ObjectInputStream oi = new ObjectInputStream(bi);
  
  return oi.readObject();
}

public class Demo {
  private HashMap<String, SearchWord> currentKeywords=new HashMap<>();
  private long lastUpdateTime = -1;

  public void refresh() {
    // Shallow copy
    HashMap<String, SearchWord> newKeywords = (HashMap<String, SearchWord>) currentKeywords.clone();

    // 从数据库中取出更新时间>lastUpdateTime的数据，放入到newKeywords中
    List<SearchWord> toBeUpdatedSearchWords = getSearchWords(lastUpdateTime);
    long maxNewUpdatedTime = lastUpdateTime;
    for (SearchWord searchWord : toBeUpdatedSearchWords) {
      if (searchWord.getLastUpdateTime() > maxNewUpdatedTime) {
        maxNewUpdatedTime = searchWord.getLastUpdateTime();
      }
      if (newKeywords.containsKey(searchWord.getKeyword())) {
        newKeywords.remove(searchWord.getKeyword());
      }
      newKeywords.put(searchWord.getKeyword(), searchWord);
    }

    lastUpdateTime = maxNewUpdatedTime;
    currentKeywords = newKeywords;
  }

  private List<SearchWord> getSearchWords(long lastUpdateTime) {
    // TODO: 从数据库中取出更新时间>lastUpdateTime的数据
    return null;
  }
}

public class UserController {
  //...省略其他属性和方法...
  private MetricsCollector metricsCollector; // 依赖注入

  public UserVo login(String telephone, String password) {
    long startTimestamp = System.currentTimeMillis();

    // ... 省略login逻辑...

    long endTimeStamp = System.currentTimeMillis();
    long responseTime = endTimeStamp - startTimestamp;
    RequestInfo requestInfo = new RequestInfo("login", responseTime, startTimestamp);
    metricsCollector.recordRequest(requestInfo);

    //...返回UserVo数据...
  }

  public UserVo register(String telephone, String password) {
    long startTimestamp = System.currentTimeMillis();

    // ... 省略register逻辑...

    long endTimeStamp = System.currentTimeMillis();
    long responseTime = endTimeStamp - startTimestamp;
    RequestInfo requestInfo = new RequestInfo("register", responseTime, startTimestamp);
    metricsCollector.recordRequest(requestInfo);

    //...返回UserVo数据...
  }
}

public interface IUserController {
  UserVo login(String telephone, String password);
  UserVo register(String telephone, String password);
}

public class UserController implements IUserController {
  //...省略其他属性和方法...

  @Override
  public UserVo login(String telephone, String password) {
    //...省略login逻辑...
    //...返回UserVo数据...
  }

  @Override
  public UserVo register(String telephone, String password) {
    //...省略register逻辑...
    //...返回UserVo数据...
  }
}

public class UserControllerProxy implements IUserController {
  private MetricsCollector metricsCollector;
  private UserController userController;

  public UserControllerProxy(UserController userController) {
    this.userController = userController;
    this.metricsCollector = new MetricsCollector();
  }

  @Override
  public UserVo login(String telephone, String password) {
    long startTimestamp = System.currentTimeMillis();

    // 委托
    UserVo userVo = userController.login(telephone, password);

    long endTimeStamp = System.currentTimeMillis();
    long responseTime = endTimeStamp - startTimestamp;
    RequestInfo requestInfo = new RequestInfo("login", responseTime, startTimestamp);
    metricsCollector.recordRequest(requestInfo);

    return userVo;
  }

  @Override
  public UserVo register(String telephone, String password) {
    long startTimestamp = System.currentTimeMillis();

    UserVo userVo = userController.register(telephone, password);

    long endTimeStamp = System.currentTimeMillis();
    long responseTime = endTimeStamp - startTimestamp;
    RequestInfo requestInfo = new RequestInfo("register", responseTime, startTimestamp);
    metricsCollector.recordRequest(requestInfo);

    return userVo;
  }
}

//UserControllerProxy使用举例
//因为原始类和代理类实现相同的接口，是基于接口而非实现编程
//将UserController类对象替换为UserControllerProxy类对象，不需要改动太多代码
IUserController userController = new UserControllerProxy(new UserController());

public class UserControllerProxy extends UserController {
  private MetricsCollector metricsCollector;

  public UserControllerProxy() {
    this.metricsCollector = new MetricsCollector();
  }

  public UserVo login(String telephone, String password) {
    long startTimestamp = System.currentTimeMillis();

    UserVo userVo = super.login(telephone, password);

    long endTimeStamp = System.currentTimeMillis();
    long responseTime = endTimeStamp - startTimestamp;
    RequestInfo requestInfo = new RequestInfo("login", responseTime, startTimestamp);
    metricsCollector.recordRequest(requestInfo);

    return userVo;
  }

  public UserVo register(String telephone, String password) {
    long startTimestamp = System.currentTimeMillis();

    UserVo userVo = super.register(telephone, password);

    long endTimeStamp = System.currentTimeMillis();
    long responseTime = endTimeStamp - startTimestamp;
    RequestInfo requestInfo = new RequestInfo("register", responseTime, startTimestamp);
    metricsCollector.recordRequest(requestInfo);

    return userVo;
  }
}
//UserControllerProxy使用举例
UserController userController = new UserControllerProxy();

public class MetricsCollectorProxy {
  private MetricsCollector metricsCollector;

  public MetricsCollectorProxy() {
    this.metricsCollector = new MetricsCollector();
  }

  public Object createProxy(Object proxiedObject) {
    Class<?>[] interfaces = proxiedObject.getClass().getInterfaces();
    DynamicProxyHandler handler = new DynamicProxyHandler(proxiedObject);
    return Proxy.newProxyInstance(proxiedObject.getClass().getClassLoader(), interfaces, handler);
  }

  private class DynamicProxyHandler implements InvocationHandler {
    private Object proxiedObject;

    public DynamicProxyHandler(Object proxiedObject) {
      this.proxiedObject = proxiedObject;
    }

    @Override
    public Object invoke(Object proxy, Method method, Object[] args) throws Throwable {
      long startTimestamp = System.currentTimeMillis();
      Object result = method.invoke(proxiedObject, args);
      long endTimeStamp = System.currentTimeMillis();
      long responseTime = endTimeStamp - startTimestamp;
      String apiName = proxiedObject.getClass().getName() + ":" + method.getName();
      RequestInfo requestInfo = new RequestInfo(apiName, responseTime, startTimestamp);
      metricsCollector.recordRequest(requestInfo);
      return result;
    }
  }
}

//MetricsCollectorProxy使用举例
MetricsCollectorProxy proxy = new MetricsCollectorProxy();
IUserController userController = (IUserController) proxy.createProxy(new UserController());

Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");//加载及注册JDBC驱动程序
String url = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/sample_db?user=root&password=your_password";
Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection(url);
Statement stmt = con.createStatement()；
String query = "select * from test";
ResultSet rs=stmt.executeQuery(query);
while(rs.next()) {
  rs.getString(1);
  rs.getInt(2);
}

package com.mysql.jdbc;
import java.sql.SQLException;

public class Driver extends NonRegisteringDriver implements java.sql.Driver {
	static {
		try {
			java.sql.DriverManager.registerDriver(new Driver());
		} catch (SQLException E) {
			throw new RuntimeException("Can't register driver!");
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Construct a new driver and register it with DriverManager
	 * @throws SQLException if a database error occurs.
	 */
	public Driver() throws SQLException {
		// Required for Class.forName().newInstance()
	}
}

public class DriverManager {
  private final static CopyOnWriteArrayList<DriverInfo> registeredDrivers = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<DriverInfo>();

  //...
  static {
    loadInitialDrivers();
    println("JDBC DriverManager initialized");
  }
  //...

  public static synchronized void registerDriver(java.sql.Driver driver) throws SQLException {
    if (driver != null) {
      registeredDrivers.addIfAbsent(new DriverInfo(driver));
    } else {
      throw new NullPointerException();
    }
  }

  public static Connection getConnection(String url, String user, String password) throws SQLException {
    java.util.Properties info = new java.util.Properties();
    if (user != null) {
      info.put("user", user);
    }
    if (password != null) {
      info.put("password", password);
    }
    return (getConnection(url, info, Reflection.getCallerClass()));
  }
  //...
}

public enum NotificationEmergencyLevel {
  SEVERE, URGENCY, NORMAL, TRIVIAL
}

public class Notification {
  private List<String> emailAddresses;
  private List<String> telephones;
  private List<String> wechatIds;

  public Notification() {}

  public void setEmailAddress(List<String> emailAddress) {
    this.emailAddresses = emailAddress;
  }

  public void setTelephones(List<String> telephones) {
    this.telephones = telephones;
  }

  public void setWechatIds(List<String> wechatIds) {
    this.wechatIds = wechatIds;
  }

  public void notify(NotificationEmergencyLevel level, String message) {
    if (level.equals(NotificationEmergencyLevel.SEVERE)) {
      //...自动语音电话
    } else if (level.equals(NotificationEmergencyLevel.URGENCY)) {
      //...发微信
    } else if (level.equals(NotificationEmergencyLevel.NORMAL)) {
      //...发邮件
    } else if (level.equals(NotificationEmergencyLevel.TRIVIAL)) {
      //...发邮件
    }
  }
}

//在API监控告警的例子中，我们如下方式来使用Notification类：
public class ErrorAlertHandler extends AlertHandler {
  public ErrorAlertHandler(AlertRule rule, Notification notification){
    super(rule, notification);
  }


  @Override
  public void check(ApiStatInfo apiStatInfo) {
    if (apiStatInfo.getErrorCount() > rule.getMatchedRule(apiStatInfo.getApi()).getMaxErrorCount()) {
      notification.notify(NotificationEmergencyLevel.SEVERE, "...");
    }
  }
}

public interface MsgSender {
  void send(String message);
}

public class TelephoneMsgSender implements MsgSender {
  private List<String> telephones;

  public TelephoneMsgSender(List<String> telephones) {
    this.telephones = telephones;
  }

  @Override
  public void send(String message) {
    //...
  }

}

public class EmailMsgSender implements MsgSender {
  // 与TelephoneMsgSender代码结构类似，所以省略...
}

public class WechatMsgSender implements MsgSender {
  // 与TelephoneMsgSender代码结构类似，所以省略...
}

public abstract class Notification {
  protected MsgSender msgSender;

  public Notification(MsgSender msgSender) {
    this.msgSender = msgSender;
  }

  public abstract void notify(String message);
}

public class SevereNotification extends Notification {
  public SevereNotification(MsgSender msgSender) {
    super(msgSender);
  }

  @Override
  public void notify(String message) {
    msgSender.send(message);
  }
}

public class UrgencyNotification extends Notification {
  // 与SevereNotification代码结构类似，所以省略...
}
public class NormalNotification extends Notification {
  // 与SevereNotification代码结构类似，所以省略...
}
public class TrivialNotification extends Notification {
  // 与SevereNotification代码结构类似，所以省略...
}

InputStream in = new FileInputStream("/user/wangzheng/test.txt");
InputStream bin = new BufferedInputStream(in);
byte[] data = new byte[128];
while (bin.read(data) != -1) {
  //...
}

InputStream bin = new BufferedFileInputStream("/user/wangzheng/test.txt");
byte[] data = new byte[128];
while (bin.read(data) != -1) {
  //...
}

FileInputStream in = new FileInputStream("/user/wangzheng/test.txt");
DataInputStream din = new DataInputStream(in);
int data = din.readInt();

public abstract class InputStream {
  //...
  public int read(byte b[]) throws IOException {
    return read(b, 0, b.length);
  }
  
  public int read(byte b[], int off, int len) throws IOException {
    //...
  }
  
  public long skip(long n) throws IOException {
    //...
  }

  public int available() throws IOException {
    return 0;
  }
  
  public void close() throws IOException {}

  public synchronized void mark(int readlimit) {}
    
  public synchronized void reset() throws IOException {
    throw new IOException("mark/reset not supported");
  }

  public boolean markSupported() {
    return false;
  }
}

public class BufferedInputStream extends InputStream {
  protected volatile InputStream in;

  protected BufferedInputStream(InputStream in) {
    this.in = in;
  }
  
  //...实现基于缓存的读数据接口...  
}

public class DataInputStream extends InputStream {
  protected volatile InputStream in;

  protected DataInputStream(InputStream in) {
    this.in = in;
  }
  
  //...实现读取基本类型数据的接口
}

InputStream in = new FileInputStream("/user/wangzheng/test.txt");
InputStream bin = new BufferedInputStream(in);
DataInputStream din = new DataInputStream(bin);
int data = din.readInt();

// 代理模式的代码结构(下面的接口也可以替换成抽象类)
public interface IA {
  void f();
}
public class A impelements IA {
  public void f() { //... }
}
public class AProxy implements IA {
  private IA a;
  public AProxy(IA a) {
    this.a = a;
  }
  
  public void f() {
    // 新添加的代理逻辑
    a.f();
    // 新添加的代理逻辑
  }
}

// 装饰器模式的代码结构(下面的接口也可以替换成抽象类)
public interface IA {
  void f();
}
public class A implements IA {
  public void f() { //... }
}
public class ADecorator implements IA {
  private IA a;
  public ADecorator(IA a) {
    this.a = a;
  }
  
  public void f() {
    // 功能增强代码
    a.f();
    // 功能增强代码
  }
}

public class BufferedInputStream extends InputStream {
  protected volatile InputStream in;

  protected BufferedInputStream(InputStream in) {
    this.in = in;
  }
  
  // f()函数不需要增强，只是重新调用一下InputStream in对象的f()
  public void f() {
    in.f();
  }  
}

public class FilterInputStream extends InputStream {
  protected volatile InputStream in;

  protected FilterInputStream(InputStream in) {
    this.in = in;
  }

  public int read() throws IOException {
    return in.read();
  }

  public int read(byte b[]) throws IOException {
    return read(b, 0, b.length);
  }
   
  public int read(byte b[], int off, int len) throws IOException {
    return in.read(b, off, len);
  }

  public long skip(long n) throws IOException {
    return in.skip(n);
  }

  public int available() throws IOException {
    return in.available();
  }

  public void close() throws IOException {
    in.close();
  }

  public synchronized void mark(int readlimit) {
    in.mark(readlimit);
  }

  public synchronized void reset() throws IOException {
    in.reset();
  }

  public boolean markSupported() {
    return in.markSupportezd();
  }
}

// 类适配器: 基于继承
public interface ITarget {
  void f1();
  void f2();
  void fc();
}

public class Adaptee {
  public void fa() { //... }
  public void fb() { //... }
  public void fc() { //... }
}

public class Adaptor extends Adaptee implements ITarget {
  public void f1() {
    super.fa();
  }
  
  public void f2() {
    //...重新实现f2()...
  }
  
  // 这里fc()不需要实现，直接继承自Adaptee，这是跟对象适配器最大的不同点
}

// 对象适配器：基于组合
public interface ITarget {
  void f1();
  void f2();
  void fc();
}

public class Adaptee {
  public void fa() { //... }
  public void fb() { //... }
  public void fc() { //... }
}

public class Adaptor implements ITarget {
  private Adaptee adaptee;
  
  public Adaptor(Adaptee adaptee) {
    this.adaptee = adaptee;
  }
  
  public void f1() {
    adaptee.fa(); //委托给Adaptee
  }
  
  public void f2() {
    //...重新实现f2()...
  }
  
  public void fc() {
    adaptee.fc();
  }
}

public class CD { //这个类来自外部sdk，我们无权修改它的代码
  //...
  public static void staticFunction1() { //... }
  
  public void uglyNamingFunction2() { //... }

  public void tooManyParamsFunction3(int paramA, int paramB, ...) { //... }
  
   public void lowPerformanceFunction4() { //... }
}

// 使用适配器模式进行重构
public class ITarget {
  void function1();
  void function2();
  void fucntion3(ParamsWrapperDefinition paramsWrapper);
  void function4();
  //...
}
// 注意：适配器类的命名不一定非得末尾带Adaptor
public class CDAdaptor extends CD implements ITarget {
  //...
  public void function1() {
     super.staticFunction1();
  }
  
  public void function2() {
    super.uglyNamingFucntion2();
  }
  
  public void function3(ParamsWrapperDefinition paramsWrapper) {
     super.tooManyParamsFunction3(paramsWrapper.getParamA(), ...);
  }
  
  public void function4() {
    //...reimplement it...
  }
}

public class ASensitiveWordsFilter { // A敏感词过滤系统提供的接口
  //text是原始文本，函数输出用***替换敏感词之后的文本
  public String filterSexyWords(String text) {
    // ...
  }
  
  public String filterPoliticalWords(String text) {
    // ...
  } 
}

public class BSensitiveWordsFilter  { // B敏感词过滤系统提供的接口
  public String filter(String text) {
    //...
  }
}

public class CSensitiveWordsFilter { // C敏感词过滤系统提供的接口
  public String filter(String text, String mask) {
    //...
  }
}

// 未使用适配器模式之前的代码：代码的可测试性、扩展性不好
public class RiskManagement {
  private ASensitiveWordsFilter aFilter = new ASensitiveWordsFilter();
  private BSensitiveWordsFilter bFilter = new BSensitiveWordsFilter();
  private CSensitiveWordsFilter cFilter = new CSensitiveWordsFilter();
  
  public String filterSensitiveWords(String text) {
    String maskedText = aFilter.filterSexyWords(text);
    maskedText = aFilter.filterPoliticalWords(maskedText);
    maskedText = bFilter.filter(maskedText);
    maskedText = cFilter.filter(maskedText, "***");
    return maskedText;
  }
}

// 使用适配器模式进行改造
public interface ISensitiveWordsFilter { // 统一接口定义
  String filter(String text);
}

public class ASensitiveWordsFilterAdaptor implements ISensitiveWordsFilter {
  private ASensitiveWordsFilter aFilter;
  public String filter(String text) {
    String maskedText = aFilter.filterSexyWords(text);
    maskedText = aFilter.filterPoliticalWords(maskedText);
    return maskedText;
  }
}
//...省略BSensitiveWordsFilterAdaptor、CSensitiveWordsFilterAdaptor...

// 扩展性更好，更加符合开闭原则，如果添加一个新的敏感词过滤系统，
// 这个类完全不需要改动；而且基于接口而非实现编程，代码的可测试性更好。
public class RiskManagement { 
  private List<ISensitiveWordsFilter> filters = new ArrayList<>();
 
  public void addSensitiveWordsFilter(ISensitiveWordsFilter filter) {
    filters.add(filter);
  }
  
  public String filterSensitiveWords(String text) {
    String maskedText = text;
    for (ISensitiveWordsFilter filter : filters) {
      maskedText = filter.filter(maskedText);
    }
    return maskedText;
  }
}

// 外部系统A
public interface IA {
  //...
  void fa();
}
public class A implements IA {
  //...
  public void fa() { //... }
}
// 在我们的项目中，外部系统A的使用示例
public class Demo {
  private IA a;
  public Demo(IA a) {
    this.a = a;
  }
  //...
}
Demo d = new Demo(new A());

// 将外部系统A替换成外部系统B
public class BAdaptor implemnts IA {
  private B b;
  public BAdaptor(B b) {
    this.b= b;
  }
  public void fa() {
    //...
    b.fb();
  }
}
// 借助BAdaptor，Demo的代码中，调用IA接口的地方都无需改动，
// 只需要将BAdaptor如下注入到Demo即可。
Demo d = new Demo(new BAdaptor(new B()));

public class Collections {
  public static Emueration emumeration(final Collection c) {
    return new Enumeration() {
      Iterator i = c.iterator();
      
      public boolean hasMoreElments() {
        return i.hashNext();
      }
      
      public Object nextElement() {
        return i.next():
      }
    }
  }
}

List<String> stooges = Arrays.asList("Larry", "Moe", "Curly");

// slf4j统一的接口定义
package org.slf4j;
public interface Logger {
  public boolean isTraceEnabled();
  public void trace(String msg);
  public void trace(String format, Object arg);
  public void trace(String format, Object arg1, Object arg2);
  public void trace(String format, Object[] argArray);
  public void trace(String msg, Throwable t);
 
  public boolean isDebugEnabled();
  public void debug(String msg);
  public void debug(String format, Object arg);
  public void debug(String format, Object arg1, Object arg2)
  public void debug(String format, Object[] argArray)
  public void debug(String msg, Throwable t);

  //...省略info、warn、error等一堆接口
}

// log4j日志框架的适配器
// Log4jLoggerAdapter实现了LocationAwareLogger接口，
// 其中LocationAwareLogger继承自Logger接口，
// 也就相当于Log4jLoggerAdapter实现了Logger接口。
package org.slf4j.impl;
public final class Log4jLoggerAdapter extends MarkerIgnoringBase
  implements LocationAwareLogger, Serializable {
  final transient org.apache.log4j.Logger logger; // log4j
 
  public boolean isDebugEnabled() {
    return logger.isDebugEnabled();
  }
 
  public void debug(String msg) {
    logger.log(FQCN, Level.DEBUG, msg, null);
  }
 
  public void debug(String format, Object arg) {
    if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
      FormattingTuple ft = MessageFormatter.format(format, arg);
      logger.log(FQCN, Level.DEBUG, ft.getMessage(), ft.getThrowable());
    }
  }
 
  public void debug(String format, Object arg1, Object arg2) {
    if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
      FormattingTuple ft = MessageFormatter.format(format, arg1, arg2);
      logger.log(FQCN, Level.DEBUG, ft.getMessage(), ft.getThrowable());
    }
  }
 
  public void debug(String format, Object[] argArray) {
    if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
      FormattingTuple ft = MessageFormatter.arrayFormat(format, argArray);
      logger.log(FQCN, Level.DEBUG, ft.getMessage(), ft.getThrowable());
    }
  }
 
  public void debug(String msg, Throwable t) {
    logger.log(FQCN, Level.DEBUG, msg, t);
  }
  //...省略一堆接口的实现...
}

public class FileSystemNode {
  private String path;
  private boolean isFile;
  private List<FileSystemNode> subNodes = new ArrayList<>();

  public FileSystemNode(String path, boolean isFile) {
    this.path = path;
    this.isFile = isFile;
  }

  public int countNumOfFiles() {
    if (isFile) {
      return 1;
    }
    int numOfFiles = 0;
    for (FileSystemNode fileOrDir : subNodes) {
      numOfFiles += fileOrDir.countNumOfFiles();
    }
    return numOfFiles;
  }

  public long countSizeOfFiles() {
    if (isFile) {
      File file = new File(path);
      if (!file.exists()) return 0;
      return file.length();
    }
    long sizeofFiles = 0;
    for (FileSystemNode fileOrDir : subNodes) {
      sizeofFiles += fileOrDir.countSizeOfFiles();
    }
    return sizeofFiles;
  }

  public String getPath() {
    return path;
  }

  public void addSubNode(FileSystemNode fileOrDir) {
    subNodes.add(fileOrDir);
  }

  public void removeSubNode(FileSystemNode fileOrDir) {
    int size = subNodes.size();
    int i = 0;
    for (; i < size; ++i) {
      if (subNodes.get(i).getPath().equalsIgnoreCase(fileOrDir.getPath())) {
        break;
      }
    }
    if (i < size) {
      subNodes.remove(i);
    }
  }
}

public abstract class FileSystemNode {
  protected String path;

  public FileSystemNode(String path) {
    this.path = path;
  }

  public abstract int countNumOfFiles();
  public abstract long countSizeOfFiles();

  public String getPath() {
    return path;
  }
}

public class File extends FileSystemNode {
  public File(String path) {
    super(path);
  }

  @Override
  public int countNumOfFiles() {
    return 1;
  }

  @Override
  public long countSizeOfFiles() {
    java.io.File file = new java.io.File(path);
    if (!file.exists()) return 0;
    return file.length();
  }
}

public class Directory extends FileSystemNode {
  private List<FileSystemNode> subNodes = new ArrayList<>();

  public Directory(String path) {
    super(path);
  }

  @Override
  public int countNumOfFiles() {
    int numOfFiles = 0;
    for (FileSystemNode fileOrDir : subNodes) {
      numOfFiles += fileOrDir.countNumOfFiles();
    }
    return numOfFiles;
  }

  @Override
  public long countSizeOfFiles() {
    long sizeofFiles = 0;
    for (FileSystemNode fileOrDir : subNodes) {
      sizeofFiles += fileOrDir.countSizeOfFiles();
    }
    return sizeofFiles;
  }

  public void addSubNode(FileSystemNode fileOrDir) {
    subNodes.add(fileOrDir);
  }

  public void removeSubNode(FileSystemNode fileOrDir) {
    int size = subNodes.size();
    int i = 0;
    for (; i < size; ++i) {
      if (subNodes.get(i).getPath().equalsIgnoreCase(fileOrDir.getPath())) {
        break;
      }
    }
    if (i < size) {
      subNodes.remove(i);
    }
  }
}

public class Demo {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    /**
     * /
     * /wz/
     * /wz/a.txt
     * /wz/b.txt
     * /wz/movies/
     * /wz/movies/c.avi
     * /xzg/
     * /xzg/docs/
     * /xzg/docs/d.txt
     */
    Directory fileSystemTree = new Directory("/");
    Directory node_wz = new Directory("/wz/");
    Directory node_xzg = new Directory("/xzg/");
    fileSystemTree.addSubNode(node_wz);
    fileSystemTree.addSubNode(node_xzg);

    File node_wz_a = new File("/wz/a.txt");
    File node_wz_b = new File("/wz/b.txt");
    Directory node_wz_movies = new Directory("/wz/movies/");
    node_wz.addSubNode(node_wz_a);
    node_wz.addSubNode(node_wz_b);
    node_wz.addSubNode(node_wz_movies);

    File node_wz_movies_c = new File("/wz/movies/c.avi");
    node_wz_movies.addSubNode(node_wz_movies_c);

    Directory node_xzg_docs = new Directory("/xzg/docs/");
    node_xzg.addSubNode(node_xzg_docs);

    File node_xzg_docs_d = new File("/xzg/docs/d.txt");
    node_xzg_docs.addSubNode(node_xzg_docs_d);

    System.out.println("/ files num:" + fileSystemTree.countNumOfFiles());
    System.out.println("/wz/ files num:" + node_wz.countNumOfFiles());
  }
}

public abstract class HumanResource {
  protected long id;
  protected double salary;

  public HumanResource(long id) {
    this.id = id;
  }

  public long getId() {
    return id;
  }

  public abstract double calculateSalary();
}

public class Employee extends HumanResource {
  public Employee(long id, double salary) {
    super(id);
    this.salary = salary;
  }

  @Override
  public double calculateSalary() {
    return salary;
  }
}

public class Department extends HumanResource {
  private List<HumanResource> subNodes = new ArrayList<>();

  public Department(long id) {
    super(id);
  }

  @Override
  public double calculateSalary() {
    double totalSalary = 0;
    for (HumanResource hr : subNodes) {
      totalSalary += hr.calculateSalary();
    }
    this.salary = totalSalary;
    return totalSalary;
  }

  public void addSubNode(HumanResource hr) {
    subNodes.add(hr);
  }
}

// 构建组织架构的代码
public class Demo {
  private static final long ORGANIZATION_ROOT_ID = 1001;
  private DepartmentRepo departmentRepo; // 依赖注入
  private EmployeeRepo employeeRepo; // 依赖注入

  public void buildOrganization() {
    Department rootDepartment = new Department(ORGANIZATION_ROOT_ID);
    buildOrganization(rootDepartment);
  }

  private void buildOrganization(Department department) {
    List<Long> subDepartmentIds = departmentRepo.getSubDepartmentIds(department.getId());
    for (Long subDepartmentId : subDepartmentIds) {
      Department subDepartment = new Department(subDepartmentId);
      department.addSubNode(subDepartment);
      buildOrganization(subDepartment);
    }
    List<Long> employeeIds = employeeRepo.getDepartmentEmployeeIds(department.getId());
    for (Long employeeId : employeeIds) {
      double salary = employeeRepo.getEmployeeSalary(employeeId);
      department.addSubNode(new Employee(employeeId, salary));
    }
  }
}

public class ChessPiece {//棋子
  private int id;
  private String text;
  private Color color;
  private int positionX;
  private int positionY;

  public ChessPiece(int id, String text, Color color, int positionX, int positionY) {
    this.id = id;
    this.text = text;
    this.color = color;
    this.positionX = positionX;
    this.positionY = positionX;
  }

  public static enum Color {
    RED, BLACK
  }

  // ...省略其他属性和getter/setter方法...
}

public class ChessBoard {//棋局
  private Map<Integer, ChessPiece> chessPieces = new HashMap<>();

  public ChessBoard() {
    init();
  }

  private void init() {
    chessPieces.put(1, new ChessPiece(1, "車", ChessPiece.Color.BLACK, 0, 0));
    chessPieces.put(2, new ChessPiece(2,"馬", ChessPiece.Color.BLACK, 0, 1));
    //...省略摆放其他棋子的代码...
  }

  public void move(int chessPieceId, int toPositionX, int toPositionY) {
    //...省略...
  }
}

// 享元类
public class ChessPieceUnit {
  private int id;
  private String text;
  private Color color;

  public ChessPieceUnit(int id, String text, Color color) {
    this.id = id;
    this.text = text;
    this.color = color;
  }

  public static enum Color {
    RED, BLACK
  }

  // ...省略其他属性和getter方法...
}

public class ChessPieceUnitFactory {
  private static final Map<Integer, ChessPieceUnit> pieces = new HashMap<>();

  static {
    pieces.put(1, new ChessPieceUnit(1, "車", ChessPieceUnit.Color.BLACK));
    pieces.put(2, new ChessPieceUnit(2,"馬", ChessPieceUnit.Color.BLACK));
    //...省略摆放其他棋子的代码...
  }

  public static ChessPieceUnit getChessPiece(int chessPieceId) {
    return pieces.get(chessPieceId);
  }
}

public class ChessPiece {
  private ChessPieceUnit chessPieceUnit;
  private int positionX;
  private int positionY;

  public ChessPiece(ChessPieceUnit unit, int positionX, int positionY) {
    this.chessPieceUnit = unit;
    this.positionX = positionX;
    this.positionY = positionY;
  }
  // 省略getter、setter方法
}

public class ChessBoard {
  private Map<Integer, ChessPiece> chessPieces = new HashMap<>();

  public ChessBoard() {
    init();
  }

  private void init() {
    chessPieces.put(1, new ChessPiece(
            ChessPieceUnitFactory.getChessPiece(1), 0,0));
    chessPieces.put(1, new ChessPiece(
            ChessPieceUnitFactory.getChessPiece(2), 1,0));
    //...省略摆放其他棋子的代码...
  }

  public void move(int chessPieceId, int toPositionX, int toPositionY) {
    //...省略...
  }
}

public class Character {//文字
  private char c;

  private Font font;
  private int size;
  private int colorRGB;

  public Character(char c, Font font, int size, int colorRGB) {
    this.c = c;
    this.font = font;
    this.size = size;
    this.colorRGB = colorRGB;
  }
}

public class Editor {
  private List<Character> chars = new ArrayList<>();

  public void appendCharacter(char c, Font font, int size, int colorRGB) {
    Character character = new Character(c, font, size, colorRGB);
    chars.add(character);
  }
}

public class CharacterStyle {
  private Font font;
  private int size;
  private int colorRGB;

  public CharacterStyle(Font font, int size, int colorRGB) {
    this.font = font;
    this.size = size;
    this.colorRGB = colorRGB;
  }

  @Override
  public boolean equals(Object o) {
    CharacterStyle otherStyle = (CharacterStyle) o;
    return font.equals(otherStyle.font)
            && size == otherStyle.size
            && colorRGB == otherStyle.colorRGB;
  }
}

public class CharacterStyleFactory {
  private static final List<CharacterStyle> styles = new ArrayList<>();

  public static CharacterStyle getStyle(Font font, int size, int colorRGB) {
    CharacterStyle newStyle = new CharacterStyle(font, size, colorRGB);
    for (CharacterStyle style : styles) {
      if (style.equals(newStyle)) {
        return style;
      }
    }
    styles.add(newStyle);
    return newStyle;
  }
}

public class Character {
  private char c;
  private CharacterStyle style;

  public Character(char c, CharacterStyle style) {
    this.c = c;
    this.style = style;
  }
}

public class Editor {
  private List<Character> chars = new ArrayList<>();

  public void appendCharacter(char c, Font font, int size, int colorRGB) {
    Character character = new Character(c, CharacterStyleFactory.getStyle(font, size, colorRGB));
    chars.add(character);
  }
}